Dave, a friend of mine is a trainer, he does the treat thing with some, but not all require it.
Other things he does is use hand signals for each command (he teaches dogs for the hearing and speech impaired), he also trains other dogs in foreign languages, so that the animal will only obey someone that knows that (comes from the attack dogs being taught german commands) language or knows to speak it to them, he says that it is to keep your pup from listening to strangers who might steal them.
He also introduces dogs to people in two different "modes" , he will say come let the dog sniff your fist.....
He will then say "friend" meaning the dog can trust you....
Or he will say "ok" meaning the dog should only trust you so far...
He is kind of a "dog whisperer"... they seem to catch his meaning.... how he teaches the last bit i'll never know
He has had only one dog that he could not train fully.... it was an abused brindle female pit bull.
She would tolerate people near her, and occasionally growl at you... but if you ever approached my friend too closely, she would nip or bite you... he could never break her of that.
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